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In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved into a versatile and critical, if not 'gold standard', imaging tool with applications ranging from the physical sciences to the clinical '-ology'. In addition, there is a vast amount of accumulated but unpublished inside knowledge on what is needed to perform a safe, in vivo MRI. The goal of this comprehensive text, written by an outstanding group of world experts, is to present information about the effect of the MRI environment on the human body, and tools and methods to quantify such effects. By presenting such information all in one place, the expectation is that this book will help everyone interested in the Safety and Biological Effects in MRI find relevant information relatively quickly and know where we stand as a community. The information is expected to improve patient safety in the MR scanners of today, and facilitate developing faster, more powerful, yet safer MR scanners of tomorrow. This book is arranged in three sections. The first, named 'Static and Gradient Fields' (Chapters 1-9), presents the effects of static magnetic field and the gradients of magnetic field, in time and space, on the human body. The second section, named 'Radiofrequency Fields' (Chapters 10-30), presents ways to quantify radiofrequency (RF) field induced heating in patients undergoing MRI. The effect of the three fields of MRI environment (i.e. Static Magnetic Field, Time-varying Gradient Magnetic Field, and RF Field) on medical devices, that may be carried into the environment with patients, is also included. Finally, the third section, named 'Engineering' (chapters 31-35), presents the basic background engineering information regarding the equipment (i.e. superconducting magnets, gradient coils, and RF coils) that produce the Static Magnetic Field, Time-varying Gradient Magnetic Field, and RF Field. The book is intended for undergraduate and post-graduate students, engineers, physicists, biologists, clinicians, MR technologists, other healthcare professionals, and everyone else who might be interested in looking into the role of MRI environment on patient safety, as well as those just wishing to update their knowledge of the state of MRI safety. Those, who are learning about MRI or training in magnetic resonance in medicine, will find the book a useful compendium of the current state of the art of the field. Table of ContentsPart A: Static and Gradient Fields- Static and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Their Effects in MRIs
- Magnetic-field-induced Vertigo in the MR Environment
- Effects of Magnetic Fields and Field Gradients on Living Cells
- Effect of Strong Time-varying Magnetic Field Gradients on Humans
- Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Modeling for MRI
- Magnetically Induced Force and Torque on Medical Devices
- A Review of MRI Acoustic Noise and its Potential Impact on Patient and Worker Health
- Modeling Blood Flow
- Effect of Magnetic Field on Blood
Part B: Radiofrequency Fields - Safety Standards for MRI
- On the Choice of RF Safety Metric in MRI: Temperature, SAR, or Thermal Dose
- RF Coil and MR Safety
- Local SAR Assessment for Multitransmit Systems: A Study on the Peak Local SAR Value as a Function of Magnetic Field Strength
- Radio Frequency Safety Assessment for Open Source Pulse Sequence Programming
- RF Heating Due to a 3T Birdcage Whole-body Transmit Coil in Anesthetized Sheep
- In Vivo Radiofrequency Heating due to 1.5, 3, and 7 T Whole-body Volume Coils
- Temperature Management and Radiofrequency Heating During Pediatric MRI Scans
- To Failure to Monitor and Maintain Thermal Comfort During an MRI Scan: A Perspective from a Thermal Physiologist Turned Patient
- MR Thermometry to Assess Heating Induced by RF Coils Used in MRI
- Heating of RF coil
- RF-Induced Heating in Bare and Covered Stainless Steel Rods: Effect of Length, Covering, and Diameter
- On the Development of a Novel Leg Phantom for RF Safety Assessment for Circular Ring External Fixation Devices in 1.5
- RF Safety of Active Implantable Medical Devices
- An Analysis of Factors Influencing MRI RF Safety for Patients with AIMDs
- On Using Fluoroptic Thermometry to Measure Time-varying Temperatures in MRI
- On Using Magnetic Resonance Thermometry to Measure 'Strong' Spatio-temporal Tissue Temperature Variations and Compute Thermal Dose
- The Use and Safety of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles in MRI and MFH
- Numerical Simulation for MRI RF Coils and Safety
- Integral Equation Approach to Modeling RF Fields in Human Body in MRI Systems for Safety
- Safety Practices and Protocols in the MR Research Center of the Columbia University in the City of New York
Part C: Engineering- History, Physics, and Design of Superconducting Magnets for MRI
- Fabrication of Superconducting Magnets for MRI
- Magnet Field Shimming and External Ferromagnetic Influences on the Homogeneity and Site Shielding of Superconducting MRI Magnets
- Gradient Coils
- RF Coil Construction for MRI
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