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BECHER / HELFEN
Contrast Echocardiography Compendium for Clinical Practice
Includes comprehensive instruction on how to perform and interpret all clinically relevant techniques including coronary sonography and TEE with contrast agentsProvides a step by step teaching guide using multiple high quality figures, movies and tablesContains checklists for the clinical practice of contrast echocardiographyFeatures 219 videos that provide step by step technical instructionsThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the practical aspects of contrast echocardiography. It also covers all the material in the guidelines published by the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) in 2018 and the recommendations set out by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) in 2017. Contrast echocardiography at present is only used in 5-10% of cases, but this is expected to grow rapidly following the recommendations of the ASE and EACVI. The chapters cover the approved indications and provide practical advice on how to administer the contrast agents and how to optimize the recordings as well as how to deal with the pitfalls.The reader will find all the information on how to use contrast agents for assessment of shunts, LV volumes and function as well as myocardial diseases and masses. Detailed protocols are included for stress echocardiography and myocardial perfusion imaging. Other topics covered include the use of contrast agents for coronary sonography and transesophageal echocardiography.Contrast Echocardiography: Compendium for Clinical Practice comprehensively covers all aspects of the clinical use of contrast echocardiography and has been written by two cardiologists who share their experience from their high volume echo laboratories. One of the authors has been a member of both the ASE guidelines and EACVI recommendation writing groups. It is therefore, a critical text for echocardiographers and sonographers who perform echocardiography.Table of ContentsIntroductionAgitated salineIndicationsPreparation of right heart contrast agentsSide effectsGelatine-preparationsLeft heart contrast agentsIndicationsContraindicationsProperties of left heart contrast agentsSide effects: diagnosis and treatmentMetabolism of contrast agentsPreparing the contrast agent the patient for contrast injectionPreparing the patientEchocardiography scanner - setting for contrast echocardiographyAgitated salineleft heart contrast agentsInfusion pump for contrast echocardiographyIndicationsOperation of the pumpVideo-GuideReferencesLV-Function and LV diseaseLV-Volumes und Function in 2D-und 3D-EchocardiographyMeasurement of LV-Volumes und LV-Function according current guidelinesWhen is accurate measurement clinically relevant?Limitations of non-contrast 2D- und 3D-EchocardiographyAdvantages of Contrast Echocardiography for measurement of LV volumesIndications for Contrast EchocardiographyPractice of 2D Contrast EchocardiographyRecordingsCriteria for adequate recordingsStep by step analysis, how to avoid pitfallsNormal valuesEF-measurements in cardio-oncologyEF measurements for ICD,CRTLV Volumes und EF in valvular heart diseaseEF and LV volumes in patients with heart failureRegional LV wall motionPractice of 3D Contrast EchocardiographyIndications for using contrast agents3D contrast echo recordings: how to perform/trouble shootingAnalysis/How to avoidNormal valuesLV-Myocardial disease and massesCardiomyopathiesLV aneurysmLV masses/thrombiAt a glanceVideo-GuideReferencesTransesophageal Contrast EchocardiographyAnatomy of left atrial appendage (LAA)What is relevant to the physician?LAA shapes: chicken wing and non-chicken wingWhat causes LAA thrombi?LAA thrombi basicsDiagnostic criteria of LAA thrombiConclusionEchocardiography scanner settingsGeneral principles for adequate settingsAnalysis of contrast TEE recordingsConclusionsVivid 7 dimension settingsVivid E9 XD clear settingsPhilips IE 33 settingsLAA thrombi - case studiesVariant 1.- Variant 2.- Variant 3.- Variant 4.- Spontaneous echo contrast and thrombiExclusion of thrombi using contrast echocardiographyPericardial effusion and contrast echocardiographyLAA occludeAortic dissectionMyxomaConclusionVideo-GuideReferencesCoronary sonographyBasics of coronary sonographyIntroductionPhysiology and pathophysiology of myocardial perfusionNormal flow signals of coronary arteriesPathological flow recordingsCoronary flow reservePrinciple of coronary sonographyPractice of coronary sonographyLeft coronary arteryLeft main stemCircumflex arteryRight coronary arterySynopsis of typical scan planesBypass graftsCoronary anomaliesCoronary artery stenosisConclusionCoronary flow velocity reserve (CFR)How to performCFR und FFRCFR measurement in the right and circumflex arteriesEchocardiography scanner settingsVivid- GEPhilips EPIQ 7Siemens Acuson SC 2000Case studyConclusionVideo-GuideReferencesStress echocardiographyGeneral principlesIndicationsContraindicationsPretest probabilitySelection of the stress modalityEchocardiographic parameters of ischemiaIschemic cascadeStress echocardiography for exclusion of significant coronary stenosisFalse positive and negative findingsStress echocardiography and ECGWhen to repeat stress echocardiographyReferral to coronary angiography after stress echocardiographyExercise stress echocardiography in 10 stepsAssessment of indications und contraindicationsAssessment whether physical stress is the adequate stress modalityPatient preparationRequired echocardiography laboratory equipment and staffEchocardiography scanner settingsPreparation of the contrast agentExercise proto
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